Does Degree of Stringency Matter? Revisiting the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in BRICS Countries

This study aims to demonstrate the validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) for BRICS nations by revealing empirical relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), air pollution, and environmental regulations. At same time, objectives are based on BRICS′ COP26 goals focused mobilizing climate finance annually. The SDGs agenda 2030 seeks implement effective change planning management. However, uses panel data countries from 2000 2020. has used PMG/PARDL model empirically test existence PHH in countries. Therefore, estimates indicate that an increase FDI increases degradation. Consequently, findings confirm BRICS. demonstrates at low levels stringency, likelihood pollution-intensive FDIs with a decrease severity. Even though strict regulations may lead higher this is not always case lower law. implies pollution activity be economically socially unsuitable developed environments but desirable less advanced environments. These distinctions foundation emergence havens. policy laxity must formed induce flow into countries, further implying SDG’s accomplishment. Furthermore, additional stringent might very well result more significant impact. suggests havens only possible if rules lax or inconsequential.